Here is an essay on ‘Conservation of Bio-Diversity’ for class 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on the ‘Conservation of Bio-Diversity’ especially written for school and college students.
Essay on the Conservation of Bio-Diversity
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Essay Contents:
- Essay on Fauna and Flora
- Essay on Bio-Diversity and Conservation Activities
- Essay on the Loss of Amazon Forests
- Essay on Rain Forests of Australia
- Essay on Rain Forest Bio-Diversity of South East Asian Countries
- Essay on the Conservation Campaign
- Essay on the Bio-Diversity of Congo Rain Forests
- Essay on the Rain Forests of Madagascar
- Essay on the Frogs from Mexico, Cambodia, Tanzania and Andes
- Essay on the Rain Forests Ecosystem for Bonobos
- Essay on the Mekino Area
- Essay on the Wetlands
- Essay on the Efforts for Bio-Diversity Conservation
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1. Fauna and Flora:
The orchids and fern species exhibit some ecological changes after a long distance. The plants and animals at a higher altitude create a distinct ecosystem. The faunal-diversity also shows some distinction and change in some species after a long distance in the area. The plants, bushes, trees and wild animals found in the area have a great quality of adaptation in the nature.
Global warming, disappearance of water sources and increasing pollution have created an ecological imbalance on the planet. As a result, a large numbers of plants and animals have been disappeared in the last one century. Among them are kakato Hornbill, Philippines, Himalayan Quail, Mountain goat, patiyabagh, leaf-tiger (a panda like animal) Uttarakhand. Several other species of wild cats, mother of domestic cats and colourful birds have also been disappeared from the ancient forests.
The fauna and flora depicts the range of bio-diversity in a particular place. How much bio-diversity is there? The biodiversity consists of plants, trees, herbs, wild animals and micro animals present in a particular area. There is a different range of bio-diversity within two km2 range, 10 km2 range and 100 km2 range. A typical bio-diversity pattern is found in a certain geographical area, forest land and vast wild lands.
All of them have their typical ecosystems. That is obvious in the wetlands, moisturous forests, heathlands and highland pastures. Some birds and animals have distinct features in pine forests (pinus himalayensis) and different features in Deodara cedrus forests.
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As some animals have traditional affection and closeness to some trees, bushes and plants, the birds make their nests in certain plants of their liking. The presence of distinct flora and fauna in a particular place is known as a spot of rich bio-diversity. Some birds have traditional history of nesting on some ancient trees and bushes of some particular species and origin.
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2. Bio-Diversity and Conservation Activities:
The biodiversity of the world is on the brink of destruction because of continuous deforestation, loss of traditional habitats, increasing pollution and global warming. Global warming and pollution have killed many plant species and wild animals in last one century. The conservation and protection of wild animals and plants is necessary for the citizens of the world.
The continuous reforestation of native plants and trees is necessary to avoid the migration or extinction of wild animals. The extinction or migration was noticed after a long interval in the forests which were deforested within a decade.
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The main reason of the extinction of the wildlife (The mammals, the reptiles, the avi fauna, orthopoda and other microorganism) was:
(1) Deforestation,
(2) Pollution,
(3) Global warming,
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(4) Hunting,
(5) Expansion of agriculture,
(6) Housing and development,
(7) Loss of Wetlands,
(8) Growing Population.
In some regions of South America, African continent and South East Asian Nations, there is continuous hunting of birds, mammals, reptiles and primates for food and charred meat is offered to their guests and visitors.
Reforestation of Native Plants and Trees:
The native plants and trees are the soul of local environment. If a forest is cleared within a year, the reforestation activities should be initialled in the same year. The natural process of plantation, reforestation of native plants and trees should be maintained to recreate the environment once lost.
In Himachal and Uttaranchal, several species of native trees and plants were reforested during monsoon season and this was proved very successful for the growth of new forests. In the original place of the plants cleared in the past one year, new plants were raised. The plantation of foreign species proves harmful to the native plants as the invading species destroy the local plants and trees.
Impact on the environment and the wild animals is also adverse and they too do not feel comfortable with the growth of foreign species. For example, the Eucalyptus, American bushes and babool trees have destroyed the local plants and trees in the last two decades in the mountain region of India. In India, new growth of native plants and trees should be allowed to rise up. The invading plants and trees should be destroyed.
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3. Loss of Amazon Forests:
The loss of Amazon forests is the loss of the environment and an important ecosystem of the world. The traditional habitats of the wild animals in Amazon rain forests have been completely wiped out by the timber companies and logging crew staff.
This has resulted the migration of wild animals i.e., tigers, elephants, primates, deer and reptiles to other parts of the wilderness. One third of the Amazon forests have been completely wiped out by the farmers for agricultural expansion, housing, construction of roads and dams.
This has resulted in the disappearance of wild animals, orthopoda and woolly monkeys. The whole ecosystem of these forests is disturbed because of uncontrolled felling of trees regularly. This process has reduced the rainforest area in Amazonia by one third.
By now 20,00,000 km2 forest land in Amazonia has been destroyed by timber companies for ranches and agriculture purpose. Now, there is a great need for reforestation work in the region. The NGOs related to the protection of these rain forests want to raise US$ 21 billion for the reforestation and rejuvenation of Amazonia ecosystem.
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4. Rain Forests of Australia:
Australia’s Wet Tropics Queensland World Heritage Area covers 897,420 ha. It is located in the North East Coastal Region of Queensland State. This World Heritage Area comprises a proportion of 1,849,725 ha Wet Tropics biogeographic region.
Cheludi, an old Growth forest is located 50 km North West of Dorrigo and 100 km from Grafton. The area contains over 7,000 ha of unlogged ancient forests. The grasslands of Australia are amazing and quite useful for cattle grazing and dairy farming.
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5. Rain Forests of Africa:
The rain forests of Africa are known for their rich bio-diversity. The forests and plain grasslands are quite popular among the tourists from western countries. The Wildlife Parks are amazing and full of evergreen cover of trees and plants.
Here also, two third of rain forests has been cleared out by timber companies, agricultural, housing and other developments. Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroun, Gabon, Congo and Zaire are known for their densely populated rain forests and famous grass lands – Savannas.
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6. Rain Forest Bio-Diversity of South East Asian Countries:
Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Singapore, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Papua New Guinea and North Eastern Queensland, Australia are known for their amazing rain forests rich in bio-diversity. In these countries, one third forests have been vanished away or destroyed for agriculture by the concerning governments or timber companies.
Some social and environmental organizations have raised their voice against the continuously felling of rain forests for timber and other developmental activities. But this campaign is not very successful to create mass opinion all over the world.
The Rainforests Protection Clubs and NGOs are doing their best to protect the rainforests. They have campaigned against continuous felling and logging. The continuously felling of trees and logging by commercial companies have reduced the world forests to one third. All the timber and furniture is imported by the Western countries. The forests of Papua New Guinea have been cleared by the timber companies. The wild life of those forests is vanishing away slowly.
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7. The Conservation Campaign:
Several environmental and conservation organizations will have to do their best to create public opinion to protect the forests and wild life of Papua New Guinea. The voluntary agencies, the government and the local communities have created country’s first national conservation area. The YUS Conservation Area is named after three rivers – Yopno, Urua and Som rivers. This is a 760 km2 area of tropical forests on the Heon Peninsula.
From this conservation area, the endangered Kangaroo, a marsupial that occurs in the newly protected forests will be saved. The local people also benefit from the protection of the resources and services provided by the forests. It is estimated that all forests will contain 13 million tonnes of carbon that will now remain locked up in the forests. The land is under the private ownership and the villagers have campaigned to prohibit all hunting and development work in the area.
Conservation of Nigerian and Cameroon Chimpanzee:
The rain forests of Nigeria and Cameroon are in danger as they are being cleared at an alarming rate. This will affect the habitats of chimpanzees. In Nigeria and Western Cameroon a large population of Chimpanzees exists. The secalouris are near the Niger River and Sanago River. This name was given by John F. Gray in 1862 on the basis of a specimen he received from the explorer Richard F. Burton. Gray believed that Burton had collected the animal from Mount Cameroon.
The name Vellerosus is, as such a junior synonym of Pantrogladytes troglodytes. The next available name chosen by John Oats and his colleagues was Pan troglodytes ellioti, a specimen from bas ho Cameroon, described by Paul Mitschie in 1914, who gave it the name, in honour of Daniel G. Elliots in support of the study of ape’s natural history.
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8. The Bio-Diversity of Congo Rain Forests:
In the last one century, the Congo forests have been disappeared by two third. There are only one third forests existing in the northern and southern Congo. The elephants, monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees are on the verge of extinction because of poaching, hunting and skin and ivory smuggling. The international organizations like Fauna and Flora International has done its best to protect the forests and the ancient habitats of elephants, gorillas and chimpanzees in various parts of these countries.
A Wildlife Survey:
A survey was conducted in Ndoki forest of northern Congo and it was revealed that forest elephants disperse at least 96 plant species from 36 different families. Forest elephants which are smaller than their savannah-dwelling relatives are therefore responsible for dispersing more seeds than any other species or genus of large vertebrates in African forests. Additionally, elephants carry the seeds farther than any other dispersers, with GPS telemetry showing that they travelled up to 24 km in 24 hours.
These finding underline the importance of large vertebrates for tropical forest structure and functioning. The loss of elephants and other large-bodied herbivores from these forests could lead to recruitment failure among animal dispersed tree species, and shift the compositions of these forests towards tree species that are spread abiotically.
The Future of Gorillas:
The continuous felling of forests in Africa has spread a warning bell among the conservationists all over the world. The rain forests are habitats of rich biodiversity and their continuous felling can lead to the disappearance of many wildlife species.
The Increase in Gorilla Population:
A team of rangers from Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation has carried out a survey of the habitats of gorillas of the Administration Republic of Congo’s Virunga National Park; finding that gorilla numbers in the park have increased by 12.5%.
The habituated gorilla population now numbers 81individuals with babies having been born since the last survey in 2007. Despite, the good news, there is still concern for the long term safety of the gorilla population, fighting in the region starting again recently following the arrest of the rebel leader who had controlled the sector of the Park where the gorillas are found.
Gorilla Monitoring:
An agreement in 2008 had allowed the return of the rangers to the Park’s headquarters, from which they had previously been evacuated, and thus the recommencement of gorilla monitoring. The ecology of Congo rain forests is most suitable for the breeding of gorillas and other primates and hence should be protected by all means.
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9. The Rain Forests of Madagascar:
The rain forests and wetlands of Madagascar are slowly reducing. The reasons are – urbanization, constructions of roads, increasing population, pollution and global warming. The forests are mainly cleared for agriculture and for the purpose of timber trade. There is a common opinion that the number of amphibians is declining across the globe.
As large percentage of people in this planet have no proper knowledge about wildlife management and the amphibian biodiversity, particularly in the tropical countries. At present, one third amphibian species have disappeared from the planet. These animals are more vulnerable to global warming and pollution.
The researchers have shed light on amphibian bio-diversity hotspot of Madagascar by examining morphological bio diversity and genetic variation of the islands amphibians. The results obtained from DNA sequences of 2850 specimens from over 170 locations, indicate that the current number of 244 described amphibians in Madagascar may increase two fold, to a minimum of 373 and up to 465.
This means that continuous habitat destruction in Madagascar may be affecting more amphibian species than previously thought and it is also likely that amphibian diversity has been under threat elsewhere in tropical countries.
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10. The Frogs from Mexico, Cambodia, Tanzania and Andes:
The golden frog from Mexico rainforest is quite impressive and is in perfect golden colour which is most beautiful species among the wild frogs in the world. There are reports of green blood frog found in the Cardamom forests of Cambodia. The Fauna and Flora International team has launched a campaign to find other frog species in the Cambodian Cardmon Mountains and densely populated rainforests.
It is also quite surprising that there are some perfect red species of frogs on this planet which are quite impressive. Some of them are also found in the rain forests of Amazon and Cambodia. The Red frog species from the forests of Tanzania is also one of the most impressive species in the world. This country is surrounded by lakes and beautiful rivers. The moisturous forests have some good species of frogs.
The Frogs from Andes:
The Andes Mountain Range has the most spectacular natural and most impressive views to watch. There are found some beautiful species of frogs from mountain slopes to moisturous environment.
Reintroduced Toads in Puerto Rico:
The population of reintroduced toad in Puerto Rico islands is in progress. The captive breeding has been one of the successful experiments. In 1993 captive bred tadpoles of Puertro Rico, crested toad (a wild rough frog with bulging eyes) and Pettophryne lemur were released into a specially constructed pond in Puerto Rico as part of a programme to conserve the species, which was only known to breed in a single pond at Tamarindo in Guanica forest.
In November 2003, there was the first evidence that these tadpoles had matured and returned to the natural pond to breed. Monitoring of releases is difficult as toads take shelter deep in limestone crest rock to avoid danger in the sub-tropical dry forest. The programme to help save this species is supported by a number of zoos in the US and Canada.
The Poison Frog:
The Poison snow frogs (Poison-dart frog – Dendrobetes sp.) are found on the foothills of Ecuadorean Andes. The poison secreted by poison dart frog has been found useful to human being. It is a powerful pain-killer which has no side effects.
Some countries have taken these frogs to extract medicines without the permission of Ecuador Government. The environmentalists from Ecuador want to seek the compensation in place of these frogs, because this collection of frogs has reduced the population of poison-dart frogs in the Ecuadorean Andes.
The Bolivian Frog:
Bolivia is quite popular for its beautiful frogs. A new species of frog in the genus Telmatobius has been described from 3050 meters at Chuspipata, Provincia Nov-yungas Departanto La Paz Bolvia. Telmatobius is different from all known species of the genus, except for Telematobius yurcare, by the presence of an externally projected humeral spine. The frog inhabits shallow streams in cleared forests on steep slopes.
The Decline of Bull Frogs:
The bull frogs are amazingly beautiful frogs found in the forests of Ontario, Canada. Its scientific name is Rana catesbeiana which is endemic to Petersborough country in Ortario, Canada. There is 90% decline in the population of the frog. Ontario’s Ministry of Natural Resources had banned the collection of frogs for commercial purposes in 1995 and for personal needs in 1996, but the extent of illegal captures is not known.
The only bullfrog poacher who has been caught and charged had 2000 adult frogs in his possession. Pesticides are believed to be a major factor in the decline they can cause mutations where exposure occurs early in the developmental stages. In ponds, in agricultural areas of Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA and Ontario and Hull Quebec, Canada, 65-95 percent frogs are deformed.
Foya Mountains and Frogs:
The most ancient forests in Foya Mountains of Western New Guinea are a home of 23 different impressive species of frogs, honey eaters, four butterfly species, and six-wired Bird of Paradise are also found in these forests. The other frog species are also expected in the Foya Mountains.
The Frogs of Ghora Dhungee and Daaleegaad:
The water frogs and toads of Ghora Dhungee and Daaligaad (Shivalik Mountains India) are quite amazing. There has been continuous decline in the mountain toads and river frogs of Gaad Paar since 1976. The limited rainfall, dryness of land, pollution in the valleys, the reduction of river waters in the mountains has reduced the population of mountain toads and river frogs.
The mositurous valleys which are considered equal to rain forests in the mountains, have dried up in the past three decades. As a result, there is continuous decline in tadpoles and frog populations in the open mountain land and small rivers. In the high and dry monsoon season, the frogs lay their eggs in the water filled ditches or wet clay and soon the tadpoles convert into frogs. This is also a miracle of nature which we (the writers and environmentalists) have witnessed in the mountains.
Frog Harvest, a Cause of Danger:
The reasons of decline in the population of frogs in different countries is different i.e. diseases, prey animals like snakes, mongoose, mouse and other small mammals also prey on frogs.
The amphibian decline is linked to a diverse number of factors ranging from climate change (Global warming) to disease.
Global Trade Pattern:
In an investigation of Global Trade Pattern the frog legs are being exported on a large scale. The export of frog legs over 20 years period have increased manifold. Using a UN database, it provides an insight into the levels of amphibians harvesting from the wild.
Global trade in frog’s legs has increased over the past 20 years, with the major importing countries comprising France, USA, Belgium and Luxembourg.
The major exporting countries of frog legs are – Indochina, China, Belgium and Luxembourg. The market for frogs in Indonesia is scrutinized in particular, the domestic Indonesian market is thought to account for 2-7 times, the volume exported internationally 15,600 tonnes in 1992). The fat wild frog’s legs are in high demand in European market. The poor nations are killing the frogs from wild to earn foreign revenue. This has caused the decline of some frog species from the wild.
Glass Frog: (Cochranelsl Buenventura):
This beautiful glass frog has been described from a small mountain range in the cordillera occident in South Western Ecuador. This frog is having lemon green hands, with yellow discuss and a yellowish-silver irid with marown reticulations. An adult male frog is 20.9 to 22.4 millimeter long. There are at present 11 glass frog species in the area.
The Disease:
The amphibian’s extinction is exacerbated by higher temperature. The chytrid fungus (Batra chochytrium dendrobatidis) has been implicated in amphibian extinctions in the tropical countries. A study of Harlequie frog extinctions (Antelopus spp) in South America provides evidence that higher night time temperature are creating optimum conditions for Batra chochytrium dendrobatidis growth with 78-83% of extinctions occurring during unusually warm years in the tropics. Additionally, increased cloudiness, a spin off from global warming, will also benefit the fungus as cloud cover promoter, moist conditions and shield the fungus from excess heat.
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11. Rain Forests Ecosystem for Bonobos:
The basin of Congo is a haven for wildlife. The primates, mammals, reptiles and birds are found here with great varieties. The Bonobos are amazing pigmy chimpanzees found in this world famous wildlife region. Every year the survey is conducted on the population of Bonobos in this area and the population of Bonobos in on the decline. Once these pigmy chimpanzees were dominating this basin, now their population has reduced to 5000 from 10,000.
The World Wildlife Fund, UK and Fauna and Flora International have been conducting regular surveys on Bonobos and various other species in the area.
The first detailed survey of a known stronghold was conducted for Bonobos or pigmy chimpanzees, the species which is found here in large numbers. This survey was conducted on the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republican of Congo and covered an area of 12,000 km2. No live Bonobos were encountered and sightings of the nests and dung were made in a small area of land.
It is now thought that the Bonobos population is 10,000, 80% fewer than was previously thought. The survey found abundant evidence of poaching and human encroachment into the park. Salonga National Park was created in 1970 specially to protect the Bonobos. In Africa, monkeys and other primates are killed for food. The population of Bonobos has reduced since then.
Gorillas of Virunga National Park:
The world famous Virunga National Park is famous for various species of birds, reptiles, mammals and primates. The last link of modern wise man (Homeo Sapiens) is found here in the form of Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). This park is spread into 800,000 hectares straddling the borders of Rwanda, Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo.
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12. The Mekino Area:
There are reports of massive deforestation and encroachment in this park in Mikeno sector. The farmers and pastoralists and local NGOs, village organisations have jointly constructed an Ecowall of stones to spread to 20 kilometers to stop the encroachment and to stop the park from deforestation.
This is an ideal example by the local communities to protect the park through an Ecowall. In this campaign 2000 people’s work force, 12 Congoan groups and some Rwandan community associations took active part.
The Need to Conserve the Wild Lands:
There is a great need in the world to conserve and protect the wild lands which are also the big hotspots of wildlife. At present, the natural areas and impressive wild lands are disappearing at an alarming rate. Some of the most beautiful natural areas and wetlands have been disappeared in the last one century. The tropical forests, the beautiful grasslands, valleys and wild lands with natural beauty are on the verge of destruction.
Mountain Forests:
The two third of the mountain forests which once were thriving with wildlife and plant species are now left into a fragile state. Most of the ancient forests and habitats have been disappeared from the mountains all over the world. The forests have been cleared for housing, agriculture, road construction, dams and other development work in the area.
The timber mafias, contractors and local authorities have felled them for timber, fuel and housing. The timber also transported to larger cities to sell to rich people for housing and furniture trade.
Rain Forests:
The rain forests are the lungs of this earth. These forests are rich bio-diversity hot spots and are very useful to human life. These are spread in the countries both sides of equator. The two third rain forests of the world are found in Amazonia, Brazil.
The others found are in Ghana, Gabon, Cameroon, Congo and adjoining nations. Some of the rain forests are spread in South East Asian nations. The wildlife is varied and amazing in these countries. There is a great need to protect the rainforests and bio-diversity found in those countries.
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13. Wetlands:
The world’s wetlands are a thriving ecosystem for a large number of animals, trees and aquatic plants. The ferns orchids and Taxa plants are found near the popular wetlands.
The popular wetlands are:
(1) The Queen made Gulf Migotory Bird Sanctuary, Canada.
(2) Congo Basin world’s second largest wetland (5,908,074 hectare) known for Gorillas and different primates including pigmy chimpanzees.
(3) The Pantanal wetland Brazil (2,10,000 km2).
(4) Mekong delta (6,20,000 km2).
(5) Yancheng marshes.
(6) Kushiro marshes.
(7) Sunderbans, etc. are among the best known wetlands in the world.
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14. Efforts for Bio-Diversity Conservation:
There is rich bio-diversity in the tropical forests and Himalayan Ranges in the world. Great efforts should be made to protect them. In Southern America, Africa and for South Eastern Countries the tribal kill the wild animals for meat, skin and medicine. There is a great need for mass awareness campaign in those countries, so that a large numbers of wild animals may be protected.
1. Marking the Boundaries of National Parks:
The best way to protect the National Parks and reserve forests is to mark them properly through fencing or through Eco Wall (The stone wall) erected by the volunteers, community leaders, citizens and the NGOS working for the protection of forests, wildlife and beautiful natural surroundings.
2. Encourage Eco-Tourism:
The eco-tourism activities may disturb the environment but it creates a great public opinion and awareness regarding the protection of wild lands, wild life and paves the way for sustainable tourism and development.
3. Marking the Eco Walls of the Forests:
There is always some encroachment in the forests and wild lands by the local communities. To protect the wild land there should be some erected eco walls and marking spots in the forests which separates the protected forests from the encroachment and developmental work.
There is a great need to fence the ancient forests and pristine wildlands through marking them with stone chaukis or Eco walls made of rock stones of the same place. Such walls and fencing marks have been successful in protecting the wild lands in developing countries.
4. Stop Invading Species:
The invading species are the worst enemies of native plants as they do not allow them to grow. Such species from plains should be stopped to invade the mountains as this creates more warming and the local plants are wiped out by the growth of foreign species. Such foreign species are being planted in the mountain areas in the name of fuel, fodder and timber which have proved harmful to the growth of native plants in the mountain slopes. The foreign species or invading species should be completely wiped out from the forests.
No foreign plant species should be allowed to grow there. The devastating examples of such species are as Madagascar, some pacific islands and coastal countries where the heavy reforestation was done two hundred years ago by the colonial rulers to produce coal from the wooden logs.
5. Need of the Hour: Continuous Reforestation:
The continuous reforestation should be maintained in the mountains. The deforestation of forest growth has resulted into the loss of habitats and bio-diversity. The native plants should be planted in place of felled trees. This task should be accomplished within two years, continuous felling of trees should be stopped for some years and local plants should be allowed to grow.
For example Oak, Myrica esculenta Rhododendron is found in a single ecosystem in the mountains and they should be allowed to grow in the mountains and hills. The Deodara cedrus grow at 7000-8000 ft. and pine forest 4000-5000 ft. height and should be allowed to grow freely within their ecosystem.
6. Reforestations of Native Plants and Trees:
In some experiments, in the past, it was found that the growth of native plants was seen marvellous after some months of reforestation. The native plants were planted to make up the lost forests. After some years, the bio-diversity of that forestland was maintained perfectly well. The fauna and flora again came to life with massive plantations.
7. Complete Protection to Water Sources:
The wetlands and water sources should be restored to its original forms. The moistures forests areas should be protected by planting native species. To maintain plantation, soil moisture and forest eco system the reforestation should be done during rainy season.
8. Participation of Local Citizens and Communities:
The local citizens and forest communities should be invited in the reforestation and wetland management programmes. The volunteers, NGOS, and tribal associations should take active part in the conservation activities.
9. Reduce Pollution:
We should create pollution-less environment over this planet. The whole world is affected by pollution of nuclear wastes, polythenes and different types of garbage. This has badly ruined our environment.
The local people legally consume the non-timber forest products required for the human needs. The forest wealth should be protected and harnessed in the interest of human needs and the efforts should be continued for its conservation.
10. Growing Population:
The continuous growth of population in different continents and absence of infrastructure has resulted into unemployment, poverty, corruption and terrorism. This has badly damaged the economic backbone of several nations.
11. Construction Activities:
The construction of dams, road, and rail network, housing and clearing the forests for agriculture has damaged natural areas and wild lands.
12. Global Warming:
The whole world is affected by global warming. This has badly damaged the environment of colder regions like Arctic and Antarctic continent, Himalayan Ranges, the Alps and the Andes Mountains. The worst sufferers are rainforests and moisturous vegetation areas of the world.